The Tak Team Blog

If there is one flowering plant that New Zealanders call their National Flower it is the Kowhai. It grows naturally throughout the dryer areas of New Zealand and because it is so popular it is planted in almost every garden.

There are however 2 main species of Kowhai. Sophora tetraptera, North Island Kowhai and Sophora microphylla, South Island Kowhai. Where these plant grow side by side in the wild natural hybrids also exist. Many hybrids have occurred in gardens as well. Additionally there are 2 naturally occurring varieties of S. micropyhlla and numerous forms, some of which have been named.

The North Island Kowhai, Sophora tetraptera is the easiest to grow and fastest to flower when grown from seed. It is probably the most commonly available in the
Nursery industry.

As a garden plant the North Island Kowhai is excellent. With its fast upright growth it is ready to flower in 3-5 years. It does not go through all the twiggy juvenile stages of other Kowhais. It is easy to grow and will succeed in almost all garden situations. It will reach a height of 4-6m with a trunk diameter of 30-60cm.

In the wild S. tetraptera grows naturally along forest margins, in lowlands and hill country and alongside streams. Its natural altitude range is from sea level to 450 metres.

Often described as an evergreen tree it losses all its leaves for a very short period each year. In spring all the old leaves drop off as the new leaf buds break and develop into new branchlets. All the old leaves are replaced to provide a fresh green look. The leaves are divided along the mid rib into a number of leaflets. Each leaflet is oval shaped 25-30mm long and 5-7mm wide. It creates a feathery look. The new young branchlets and young foliage covered with dense silky hairs which are smooth to touch.

The most distinctive feature is its flower. Each spring the large bright yellow flowers appear in pendulous clusters of 5-7 on naked branches. These showy clusters appear in great profusion. Individual flowers are up to 6cm long and the colour is a golden sulphur yellow. The calyx, which holds the petals in place, is a yellowish/green colour that adds further colour to the flowers.

Tuis and bellbirds love these flowers and visit them to drink the sweet nectar. Unfortunately these birds, in their haste, tear the flowers to pieces.

Following flowering seed pods are produced. These 4 winged pods house a single seed in specially constructed compartments. Each pod may have up to 8 seeds. When mature the seeds may be gathered and sown quickly to ensure they germinate.

Pests and diseases include the Kowhai moth whose larvae eat the leaves and the seeds. Scale insects may invade the Kowhai and they are easily controlled by spraying with all seasons spraying oil.

The Kowhai is the best known NZ Native flowering tree and one of the most beautiful. As a small tree it is excellent in many small gardens where light foliage cover is required and a burst of colour in spring when it smothers itself with blooms.

The botanical/Latin name has the following meanings. Sophora is an Arabian name for a tree with pea shaped flowers and tetraptera means 4 winged seed. Previously it was included in the genus Edwardia. Kowhai is the Maori name and means yellow.

Maori also recognised the Kowhai as an important plant. Its medicinal properties were explored by the Maori and poultices were made from bark and applied to wounds and tumours. An infusion of barks (a tea) from the Kowhai and manuka was used to treat internal pain, bruises and broken limbs. Wood ash from the Kowhai was used to treat ringworm.

The Maori are said to have regulated the planting of potatoes by the flowering time of the Kowhai.

The wood of the Kowhai is valuable as is it is very durable. Logs have been used straight from the bush and used in construction without any special treatment.

As an individual tree the Kowhai is a superb garden plant. It is small enough for even the smallest of gardens but it is large enough to make an impact. As a garden tree there is none better in spring.

In the larger landscape the Kowhai makes a big success. Mass plantings of Kowhai make a tremendous impact on the scenery. This can best be seen in some of the naturally occurring stands in the Rangitiki area of the North Island.

Plantings of the Kowhai should be encouraged throughout NZ and in other places around the world to ensure this icon of New Zealand plants is able to show us its best each spring.

About the Author

Alan Jolliffe is a garden writer and lecturer. I am available to write special articles for you about Gardening and about New Zealand. I am a professional horticulturist, recreation manager,tourism advisor, teacher and local government manager. Contact jolliffe@slingshot.co.nz

Anyone can be a farmer. You can too. I feel the best opportunity
in agriculture is in raising plants and trees. Growing plants
can be done almost anywhere. You don’t have to have large fields
and hundreds of acres. You have to have imagination. People who
grow dope do it in cellars and in caves. Select plants to raise
that that you see being sold in quanity by local nurseries or
garden centers. In our area arborvitae are in hot demand. These
plants can be started from cuttings or you can buy rooted
cuttings. Thousands can be grown in a 20′x20′ area in small
containers. Arborvitae are not the only plants that you can
choose. Dwarf conifers and bonsai are other avenues to consider.
The first thing to consider is what plants you like. They make a
nice starting point. I like arborvitae. Plus they are easy to
grow. There are many types that
are available. These can be grown from cuttings<
/a> or you can purchase rooted cutting or small liners. I
suggest that you raise Emerald
Greens. They are compact and very popular. A 2-3″ rooted
cutting in 3 years should be 2′ if growing conditions are
optimal. These might sell for as much as $5-10 depending on your
market and quality. If you were to raise 1000 of them that might
be $5-10,000. You can market them just as I do on the internet.
Being small you can ship them via UPS practically anywhere. An
example of a plant that is not suitable for small plot urban
farming is an Oak tree. It is very fast in growing (good), but
has a big tap root, and is best marketed when over 6-8′ tall.
You will use up your space with a hard to confine, large tree
that is not suitable for close compact container production.
Shipping will also be more costly as starter plants tend to be
larger hence larger shipping fees per tree. Besides I have sold
many people 50 -100 arbs at a time but no one, 100 oaks at a
time. My largest order for arbs to one homeowner was 265. Try to
target plants that will sell multiples to a customer rather than
just one at a time. If you target single plants to individual
customers you need high value plants for your sales cost per
unit will be higher. You will hear the same story from your
customers about 1 plant as you will about 10 plants. I can tell
you without a doubt that each customer will tell you about his
property and his neighbors dog. I would rather hear the story
once for each 10 plants that I sell. That is why I like plants
that sell in multiples to a single customer. Additionally an
unusual or exotic plant is seldom purched in quanity and the
buyer has little knowledge of the plant. They will have many
more questions about this plant. This translates to a higher
amount of time spent on a smaller volume of product sold.

Arborvitae are commonly used evergreen shrubs or trees useful
in urban areas where low maintenance and durability is needed.
Many cultivars with forms such as being globed in shape,
columnar, or narrow pyramidal, tend to be near buildings, doors,
and walkways. Other forms which are larger are used for screens
and buffers that are planted in rows. These plants will be easy
to raise on your small urban lot.

The form of arborvitae is small, medium, or large depending on
the cultivar. Some reach 50′, others only 3′. Most prefer full
sun to partial sun. Planting in dense shade conditions should be
avoided. A moist , well drained, loamy soil in full sunlight are
ideal conditions for growing healthy arborvitae. These plants
will tolerate rocky, clay, urban conditions of heat drought and
pollution. The most important pest we have is bagworms which
must be controlled to prevent complete defoliation. Some
cultivars have multiple leaders which also prove to be a
detraction for the plant. Pruning out multiple leaders in some
cultivars is a simple remeady. As you raise these plants if you
find that you are selling more than you can raise on your
property, an add in the newspaper such as, “Wanted: land to grow
trees on” will help you find vacant parcels to use in growing
more stock. This land may be free to use as many owners want in
urban areas land to be used as it is then maintained. We have
had many offers of free land to use in raising nursery stock.
(You should check with your local BTK Code Enforcement Officer
to make sure that this use is acceptable.) Another suggestion is
that you work for another local urban grower. They may have
facilities set up that they would allow you to use after hours.
When they see that you are a willing go getter, they might even
ask you to grow special plants that they don’t want to grow
because the volumes are light or they are to intensive in labor.
At any rate it is the best way to learn the trede and its
secrets. Most nurserymen will tell all their trade secrets
because its the best way to help the industry and build a
network of reliable and knowledgeable associates. See my web
site at http://www.seedlingsrus.com